What is the name of the apparatus used in flash and fire?

The primary apparatus used to measure flash point and fire point of liquids (especially petroleum products, lubricants, and chemicals) is called a Cleveland Open Cup Tester (COCT).

Here's a breakdown:

Flash Point: The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface, producing a brief flash when an ignition source is applied.

Fire Point: The temperature at which the vapor produced by the liquid will sustain combustion for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an external source. It's usually a few degrees higher than the flash point.

Why the Cleveland Open Cup?

Open Cup Design: The sample is tested in an open cup exposed to the atmosphere. This simulates conditions like spills or open containers where vapors can freely mix with air.

Standardized Test: It follows specific international standards (like ASTM D92 and ISO 2592) for determining flash and fire points of liquids with flash points above 79°C (174°F) and below 400°C (752°F).

How it Works: The liquid sample is heated in the cup at a controlled rate. A small test flame (or sometimes an electric igniter) is passed horizontally across the cup surface at regular intervals. The temperature at which the vapor briefly flashes (flash point) and then the temperature at which the vapor ignites and sustains a flame for at least 5 seconds (fire point) are recorded.

Other Apparatus (for context):

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester (PMCC): Used for measuring the flash point of liquids (especially fuels, solvents) with flash points below 70°C (158°F) or where volatile contaminants might be lost in an open cup. It's a closed system (ASTM D93, ISO 2719). While it primarily measures flash point, the fire point can sometimes be observed in this apparatus too, though it's less common.

Tagliabue (Tag) Closed Cup Tester: Similar to Pensky-Martens but designed for lower flash point materials (ASTM D56).

In summary:

For measuring both flash point and fire point of higher flash point liquids (like lubricating oils, bitumen, paints) under open conditions, the Cleveland Open Cup Tester (COCT) is the standard apparatus.

For measuring the flash point of more volatile liquids (like gasoline, solvents, kerosene) under closed conditions, the Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester (PMCC) is standard.